دانشنامه فولاد و متالورژی ایران

کتاب الکترونیکی "Ladle Refining and Vacuum Degassing"

The treatment of steel in the ladle started approximately 45 years ago when the first ladle-to-ladle

and ladle-to-ingot mold vacuum degassing processes for hydrogen removal appeared on the

scene. In the late 1950s more efficient vacuum degassers such as the Dortmund Hoerder (DH)

and Ruhrstahl-Heraeus (RH) processes became popular. In the middle 1960s degassing processes

such as vacuum arc degassing (VAD), the ASEA-SKF process, and the vacuum oxygen decarburization

(VOD) process for treating high-chromium steels were successfully implemented.

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